Ligature device and method of use

ABSTRACT

The present invention is an apparatus and method for ligation. The ligation apparatus or band provides topical active agent(s) that alleviate pain during various ligature procedures. This invention also relates to a method that includes applying a loop or band around a body part for elastomeric ligation, whereby the band material supplies a topical active agent (s) to the body part to reduce the pain of ligation.

I. FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to an apparatus and method for ligation. The ligation device incorporates and provides a topical active agent(s) that alleviates pain during various ligature procedures.

This invention also relates to a method that includes applying a ligation device around a body part for ligation, whereby the material of the device supplies a topical active agent(s) to the body part to reduce the pain of ligation. Preferred examples of ligation devices of the invention include elastomeric loops or bands commonly used for castration and docking by ligation in animals.

II. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Ligation with an elastic band, or “elastration”, is a bloodless method of male castration and docking commonly used for livestock. Elastration involves placing a tight elastic band, or elastrator, around the body part of an animal to reduce the blood flow to the part so that it withers and falls off. To reduce the discomfort to the animal during this procedure, either the elastration band or the body part or both can be coated with an anesthetic such as lidocaine prior to placement on the animal. The secondary step of applying anesthetic during elastration adds cost, inventory and labor to the procedure that could be avoided if the anesthetic could be incorporated into the elastration band itself. The topical agents that are applied during elastration provide only temporary pain relief that wears or washes off quickly and must be reapplied to provide prolonged pain relief during the entire elastration period.

In other known procedures, lidocaine is injected into the animal body part. This injection typically provides only about three hours of pain relief, in contrast to the present invention which may provide pain relief for 21 days or longer.

Notwithstanding the usefulness of the above-described methods, a need still exists for better methods of reducing the pain and stress to an animal undergoing elastration.

III. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention provides a device for use in ligation procedures, wherein the device comprises at least one active agent or active agent composition for the treatment of pain. A preferred embodiment of the invention is an elastomeric band or loop for elastration that contains one or more active agents to reduce the pain of elastration.

An advantage of the invention is the band dispenses a localized analgesic/anesthetic over time that provides extended duration pain relief for animals undergoing ligation or castration, or for any animal undergoing any procedure that would benefit from the application of a local analgesic/anesthetic through a band.

The present invention discloses a method and apparatus for ligation that avoids or alleviates the problems discussed above. The present invention provides a ligature band (with active agent(s)) for attachment to an animal body or part thereof where the band or a part thereof releases the active agent(s). The release of the active agent reduces the pain and or stress to the animal, and may also reduce the likelihood of swelling and infection.

The purpose of this invention is to produce an elastration band that contains one or more agents that relieve pain, (e.g. anesthetics and analgesics) so that both the band and the active agent(s) are applied simultaneously to the animal. An anesthetic such as lidocaine can be incorporated into the elastration band by several methods. The agent can be coated onto the band, infused into the material of the band, or inserted into the center of a hollow elastration band.

With the following enabling description of the drawings, the apparatus should become evident to a person of ordinary skill in the art.

IV. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of the invention in which the ligation apparatus is a band and the apparatus includes a cinch pull.

FIG. 2 shows an embodiment of the invention wherein the ligation apparatus is a band or tube having two ends, in which the ends may be fastened together; and wherein the loop may be tightened or closed with a constrictor.

FIG. 3 shows variously configured and shaped bands of the present invention, any of which can be infused with one or more active agents as described herein.

V. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is a ligation device that elutes or delivers one or more active agents, wherein the device provides topical or local pain relief. In preferred embodiments of the invention, the device comprises an elastomeric tube or band containing one or more active agents. In some embodiments of the invention, the band itself elutes the active agent(s). In preferred embodiments of the invention the ligation device is an elastration band.

Active agents, as used herein, refer to one or more analgesics; one or more anesthetics; one or more antibiotics; one or more skin permeation or penetration enhancers; one or more anti-inflammatory agents; one or more hormones; one or more chemical indicators, e.g., visual or performance indicators; one or more vasoconstrictor agents; and combinations thereof.

Band, as used herein, refers to a band, ring, tube, straw, conduit, or the like. In some embodiments, the band is a length of tube or rubber having two ends; in these embodiments, the band may also include one or more fasteners and/or one or more crimpers or clamps. In other embodiments, the band is a closed loop. In preferred embodiments of the invention, the band is elastomeric. The band of the present invention is described in more detail below.

The present invention is also a method of making a ligature band comprising dissolving one or more active agent(s) or a composition comprising one or more active agents in a solvent or solvent composition, then soaking or contacting the band in the solvent/active agent composition. The band swells in the solvent and absorbs the active agent(s), then the solvent is evaporated, trapping the agents in the band, and thereby providing an active agent-eluting band.

In preferred embodiments, the solvent formulation also contains an additional skin permeation enhancer. In other embodiments, the method uses a solvent formulation that contains one or more additional active agents dissolved in the formulation.

Another embodiment of the present invention involves a band or tube of a predetermined length or diameter comprised of an elastomeric material wherein the material comprises one or more active agents suitable for providing a beneficial topical treatment for the animal.

A preferred embodiment of the invention comprises an elastomeric band, e.g., a band made from rubber, that is coated or infused with lidocaine. In a preferred embodiment, the band contains an analgesic/anesthetic and a skin permeation enhancer. In these embodiments of the invention, the band releases its active agent over time (i.e., controlled release of active agent(s)). As used herein, controlled release refers to the release of active agent over time. This period may be 21 days or longer depending on the active agent composition. Controlled release is at least 1 day, preferably at least 5 days, and most preferably up to about 15 days. In typical use, the band stays on until the body part falls off.

In accordance with the present invention, the apparatus or band elutes or delivers a sufficient amount of active agent to provide quick action onset, as well as prolonged duration of the active agent activity. One skilled in the art will recognize that an effective amount, quick action, onset, and duration are all characteristics that may vary or interact in achieving a band having analgesic properties.

The present invention is treating an animal to prevent or mediate pain by applying an agent-eluting band to an animal or body part in need thereof. Some embodiments of the invention include treating an animal to prevent or mediate pain and infection by applying a device of the present invention.

A band of the present invention may be placed on the animal by hand, or may be placed on the animal using a device or applicator. In the embodiments in which the band is placed using an applicator, the band and applicator may be configured and adapted to work together, as is well known in the art.

Alternatively, the present invention may also involve a method of treating an animal in pain comprising administering or applying a ligation apparatus or an elastomeric material of the present invention.

The present invention also may involve an elastrator or ligation band comprising an elastomeric material comprising at least one active agent for the topical treatment of pain.

The elastomeric band may comprise any material that is suitable or medically appropriate for use as a ligation band as described herein. Typical elastomeric materials include but are not limited to rubber (natural, synthetic, or silicone) or thermoplastic elastomers, including polybutadiene, polyisoprene, polychloroprene, nitrile, SBS, SEBS, EPDM and polyurethane. The band may be solid, hollow, porous, or tubular (e.g., defining a lumen). In embodiments of the invention where the band is tubular, the anesthetic may be infused into the material, contained within the lumen of the tube or both infused into the material and contained within the lumen.

In other embodiments of the invention, the band includes a second band or sleeve that elutes or delivers the active agent.

In embodiments of the invention that include a sleeve, the sleeve is solid, hollow, porous, or tubular (e.g., defining a lumen). In some embodiments, the sleeve may be a layer or coating.

Some embodiments of the invention also include one or more additional active agents that are capable of being transferred to the body part after contact with the band. The additional active agent(s) include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: a second analgesic agent, such as Meloxicam, an anesthetic agent, an anti-inflammatory agent, antimicrobial agent, an antibiotic, a hormone or combinations thereof.

A band of the present invention includes at least one active agent that is capable of being transferred to the body part after contact with the band or sleeve. In preferred embodiments, the active agent is a local anesthetic or analgesic, or is a composition that includes a local anesthetic and/or analgesic. A suitable or exemplary anesthetic or analgesic includes, but is not limited to one or more of the following: lidocaine or meloxicam.

A band of the present invention also includes a permeation enhancer. As used herein, a permeation enhancer refers to a substance or chemical that increases or modulates absorption of an active agent by the skin of the animal. To enhance local anesthesia, chemicals that increase the percutaneous penetration of the anesthetic are also incorporated into the elastration band. Such permeation enhancers are known to the art of transdermal drug delivery. For the example of an elastration band containing lidocaine, useful permeation enhancers include but are not limited to: fatty acids (e.g. palm oil); fatty acid esters (e.g. isopropyl myristate); poloxamers (e.g. poloxaline), triglycerides (e.g., amine oxides, such as cocamine oxide), n-methyl pyrrolidone, povidone, terpineol, DMSO, and dimethylacetamide. Because of the hydrophobic nature of skin, the free base of lidocaine is used rather than a more polar lidocaine salt to enhance skin penetration. The inventors believe that permeation enhancers are not typically used in elastrator bands.

One skilled in the art will recognize that the choice of permeation enhancer is tied to the particular analgesic or anesthetic being used and may also be selected based on its ability to diffuse from the elastomeric band. Suitable permeation enhancers for lidocaine are described in Mohammadi-Samani, et al.; Pak. J. Pharm. Sci., Vol. 23, pp 83-88 (2010), incorporated herein by reference.

Some embodiments of the invention include one or more anti-inflammatory agents. Anti-inflammatory agents include but are not limited to Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as meloxicam, flunixin, ketoprofen, diclofenac, and ibuprofen. Steroidal anti-inflammatory agents include but are not limited to dexamethasone, flumethasone, prednisolone, prednisone, and immune selective anti-inflammatory derivatives (IMSAIDs). The inventors believe that anti-inflammatory agents are not typically used in elastrator bands.

Some embodiments of the invention include one or more hormones. Hormones include but are not limited to: cortisone, hydrocortisone, trenbolone, testosterone, and estradiol. The inventors believe that hormones are not typically used in elastrator bands.

Some embodiments of the invention include vasoconstrictive agents such as epinephrine, pseudoephedrine, phenylephrine, thromboxane and angiotensin. Vasoconstrictor agents for use in the invention are known by those with skill in the art.

Some embodiments of the invention also include one or more chemical indicators such as dyes, pigments, pH indicators or stains to further differentiate that the bands contain active agent(s). These chemical indicators could also release with the active agents to provide visual evidence of active agent release to the area of application. In some cases, the chemical indicator may also be an active agent. Examples include, but are not limited to the use of antimicrobial dyes such as gentian violet, which stains the area a blue-purple color and also acts as a topical antimicrobial agent that helps prevent infection at the site of elastration. In other examples the chemical indicator includes the use of pH indicators to identify alkaline pH, which is correlated with infection. Examples of other chemical indicators that could be incorporated into devices of this invention include, but are not limited to, Nile Red, Oil Red, Sudan Red, Congo Red, cresol red, Coomassie Red, Coomassie Blue, methylene blue, Oil Blue, gentian violet, Azure blue, Malachite green, Eosin dyes, Rhodamine dyes, haematolxylin, phenolphthalein, resazurin, phenol red, methyl red, bromothymol blue, thymol blue, Alizarine yellow, povidone iodine, and natural dyes such as indigo, turmeric, Catechu and Annato extract.

The most preferred embodiment of the invention is an elastration band infused with or coated with an anesthetic and analgesic, and a permeation enhancer. The most preferred example is a band infused with lidocaine and isopropyl myristate (IPM).

The composition comprising at least one active agent may form a coating on the band or may be infused into the band material. A coating may include a powder, liquid, wax, hydrogel or other polymer.

Some embodiments of the invention may also include soaking the band in solvents, such as DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) or THF (tetrahydrofuran), to swell the band and cause absorption of the active agents and skin permeation enhancer into the band.

Another method of incorporating anesthetic into elastration bands applies to the use of hollow elastration tubing to construct some larger elastration bands. Anesthetic formulations containing permeation enhancers and other agents including solvents can be incorporated into hollow elastration bands by injection of the solution into the hollow center of the band. A solvent that swells the polymer of the band can be incorporated into the formulation to provide migration of the anesthetic and permeation enhancer through the walls of the band to the surface of the band to provide both fast-acting anesthetic and a reservoir of anesthetic that releases over time. Alternatively, aqueous emulsions of active agents can be used in the center of the tube to prolong the diffusion of active agent. This method is best used in conjunction with coating and infusion methods to provide additional agent(s) for more prolonged release.

Another method of incorporating anesthetic into elastration bands applies to the use of a drug loaded sleeve that is positioned on the band in the area of greatest scrotal tissue contact on the tubular elastrator. The sleeve may be free floating, a partial polymer coating or an adhesive sleeve, each containing anesthetic and permeation enhancers.

Another method of incorporating anesthetic into elastration bands is by compounding the active ingredient into a polymeric material that can be subsequently molded into the devices of the invention using common practices known to the art. As examples, compounding can be achieved with heat and shear, as for compounding into thermoplastic materials, or by mixing with reactive prepolymer components at room temperature, as with silicone rubber, before being molded and cured into the devices of this invention. Typical molding methods include, but are not limited to, injection molding, compression molding, extrusion, reaction injection molding, casting, rotational molding, matrix molding, blow molding, laminating, transfer molding and other methods of thermoforming.

An invention as described herein may include one or more methods of making the apparatus or band. An embodiment of the invention may include a method of making a hollow ligation apparatus comprising introducing into the lumen of the apparatus a solution or emulsion of active agents comprising one or more analgesics; one or more anesthetics; one or more antimicrobial agents; one or more antibiotics; one or more skin permeation or penetration enhancers; one or more anti-inflammatories; one or more hormones; one or more chemical indicators; one or more vasoconstrictor agents; and combinations thereof.

Another embodiment of the invention may include soaking or coating the apparatus in a solution of active agents comprising one or more analgesics; one or more anesthetics; one or more antimicrobial agents; one or more antibiotics; one or more skin permeation or penetration enhancers; one or more anti-inflammatories; one or more hormones; one or more chemical indicators; one or more vasoconstrictor agents; and combinations thereof.

Another embodiment of the invention may include a method of making a ligation apparatus comprising at least one active agent for the topical control of pain, said method comprising the compounding of active agent(s) into thermoplastic elastomers followed by thermoforming.

Another embodiment of the invention may include a method of making a ligation apparatus comprising at least one active agent for the topical control of pain, said method comprising the compounding of active agent(s) into one or more of the unreacted part(s) of castable thermoset resins prior to mixing, casting and curing the resins. In preferred embodiments of the invention, the thermoset resin comprises silicone.

As noted above, a ligation apparatus may be formed or made from various materials. In some embodiments of the invention, the ligation apparatus may be a band; a tube; an elastomeric band or tube; a hollow band or tube; a polymer; a zip-tie; a rope; a rope made from natural material; and a rope made from synthetic material.

In one embodiment, different sized bands are provided in order to perform ligation on different body parts, sizes, types, ages, etc. of animals. A band may also be sized or configured for use with a particular applicator and device. Various devices known in the art employ an endless loop band. Although endless loop bands may accommodate various different size animals and parts, they may present a risk of applying excessive or inadequate tension. An exemplary band is shown in FIG. 1. The illustrated embodiment shows band or tube 11, and also shows a convention cinch pull 12.

A band of the present invention may be adjustable or adjusted to fit the size and/or shape of the subject animal. An exemplary ligation apparatus is shown in FIG. 2. In FIG. 2, the ligation apparatus 20 is a band or tube having first and second ends, 21 and 22 respectively. The band or tube may be formed into a loop using a fastener or crimp 23. In some embodiments of the invention, the apparatus size may be adjusted using a constrictor 24 or the like.

The present invention further contemplates the use of different sized bands. For example, a band is provided that is suitable for ligation of small animals, such as infant calves or sheep. A band of similar design is further provided for a medium sized animal, such as a more developed calf. This medium sized band is larger in initial circumference and/or has a higher elastic force. Bands may also be provided for larger animals, such as grown bulls. These bands may be further color coded and/or labeled so as to readily provide information to a user and reduce the risk of using an improperly sized band, which could result in a failed ligation. Exemplary bands are shown in FIG. 3.

The invention also involves a method for decreasing or modulating pain in animals undergoing a ligation or castration procedure.

Another aspect of the present invention involves a method for ligating a body part of an animal, preferably a tail or scrotum. In preferred embodiments of the invention, the band may be expanded over the body part and released. In some of these embodiments, no tool is required to attach the band to the body part. In other of these embodiments, the band is expanded with a tool before applying over a body part.

Another method involves manually passing a preformed endless loop of ligature material around the body part of the animal. The endless loop is then pulled using various means integral to a ligature tool (e.g. winding mechanisms, pulling mechanisms, etc.) to tighten the loop around the animal's body part. Once the endless loop is sufficiently tightened, it is secured to maintain adequate pressure around the animal's scrotum. Preferably, the step of securing comprises deforming a grommet or other crimping device around the endless loop, while the pulling of the endless loop is accomplished by winding the endless loop around a winding spool integrally attached to the ligature tool. To improve the efficiency and cost of the method, a winding tether and attached hook may be utilized to reduce the overall length of ligature material necessary. After the grommet is deformed around the endless loop to secure the portion of the loop surrounding the body part, the excess ligature material above the grommet may be removed by cutting the part of the loop that is not around the body part with a sharp knife, razor blade or other suitable instrument. Alternatively, the band material can be unwound or otherwise released from the tool, thus eliminating the need to cut the band so as to release it from the tool.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the band is an elastomeric material infused with or coated with an anesthetic agent, and the hollow center of the band (if any) is optionally filled with a formulation that includes an anesthetic agent. Suitable anesthetics include but are not limited to lidocaine.

Some embodiments of the invention also include two ends of the predetermined length of the elastomeric material disposed substantially parallel to each other, and an anchor member or tang portion that is secured to the two ends of the elastomeric material of predetermined length, which is used by the ligature tool to tighten the loop around the animal's body part. In such embodiments, a crimping band is also provided, the crimping band being translatable along at least a portion of the length of a band in an un-crimped state. After the loop is tightened around the body part, the band is crimped to hold the two ends of the loop in place and the excess material may be trimmed from the attached loop.

One skilled in the art will recognize that a band of the present invention may be incorporated into a system according to the invention. A system of the present invention may include, but is not limited to one or more of the following: packaging, the band, a vial or the like of anesthetic; and a vial or the like of permeation enhancer.

One skilled in the art will recognize that the invention as described herein may be reconfigured into different combinations, elements, and processes that are included within the scope of the invention.

This invention is in the general field of methods and apparatus for non-surgical removal of animal tails, homs, testicles, and the like. It is further directed to the foregoing mentioned field wherein a resilient ring of rubber, or the like, is formed, having is very small opening but being expandable to slip over the portion of the animal to be non-surgically removed and then released onto such member so as to completely cut-off the flow of blood from the main portion of the animal to the member, at the same time pulling the skin adjacent the animal into a configuration such that the skin covers the area from which the member was removed. The invention is even further directed to the non-surgical removal of tails from swine by expanding the ring in a unique triangular configuration by utilization of a unique ring expanding tool and applying the ring around the tail of the swine and removing the ring from the expanding tool.

VI. EXAMPLES Method 1: Soaking Solution

An elastic band or tube made for elastration of animals is soaked in a volatile organic solvent solution that contains at least one anesthetic or analgesic and one skin penetration enhancer. Both the anesthetic and the skin penetration enhancer (the “agents”) are completely dissolved in the solvent. The solvent swells the material of the elastic band and carries the two agents into the elastic material of the band by diffusion. The bands are soaked in the solution until equilibrium swelling of the band and diffusion of the agents into the material of the band has been achieved. The bands are then removed from the solution and air-dried. Drying may also be accomplished in an oven. This causes the volatile solvent to evaporate, trapping the agents within the material of the band. The evaporative drying process may also bring both the anesthetic and the skin penetration enhancer to the surface of the device, where they remain as a coating on the band surface. This coating provides readily available anesthetic with skin penetration enhancer for when the band is first applied to an animal, while higher concentrations of the agents residing in the material of the band and are released more slowly over time as the band is worn by the animal, providing long term anesthetic activity.

Example 1

A solid elastration band made of latex rubber is soaked for 24 hours in a solution containing 25% by weight lidocaine free base, 25% by weight isopropyl myristate (IPM), a skin penetration enhancer, and 50% by weight of the volatile organic solvent tetrahydrofuran (THF). The band is then removed from the solution, air-dried for 3-4 hours and dried in an oven at 170° F. for 30-60 minutes before it is packaged for use.

Example 2

A latex rubber elastration band is soaked as described in Example 1 except that the solution contains 30% by weight lidocaine free base, 20% isopropyl myristate and 50% THF.

Example 3

A latex rubber elastic band is soaked as described in Example 1 or 2 except that the solution also contains one or more skin permeation enhancers in a combined amount from 1-50% of the solution. Skin permeation enhancers used by the invention may include (but are not limited to) terpineol, limonene, esters derived from palm kemel oil, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and n-methyl pyrrolidone.

Example 4

A latex rubber elastic band is soaked as described in Examples 1-3 except that the solution also contains from 1 to 10% of a water-soluble excipient or surfactant to facilitate migration of the lidocaine to the surface of the band. Examples of these additives include, but are not limited to, glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, nonoxynol 9 and other surfactants.

Example 5

A latex rubber elastic band is soaked as described in Examples 1-4 except that the solution also contains a second anesthetic or analgesic agent in an amount from 1-20% of the solution. Secondary anesthetic or analgesic agents useful for the invention include, but are not limited to, lidocaine HCL or other salt, bupivacaine, levobupivacaine and meloxicam. Other agents that enhance or prolong the action of the primary anesthetic may also be incorporated into the solution. One such agent that prolongs the activity of bupivacaine is epinephrine.

Example 6

A latex rubber elastration band is soaked as described in Example 1 except that the solution contains 20% by weight of the slow releasing lidocaine free base, 10% by weight of the water soluble and fast releasing lidocaine hydrochloride, 20% by weight isopropyl myristate (IPM), a skin penetration enhancer, and 50% by weight of the volatile organic solvent tetrahydrofuran (THF).

Example 7

A latex rubber elastic band is soaked as described in any of the examples above except that the solution also contains a second active agent in an amount from 1-20% of the solution. Examples of these active agents are an antimicrobial agent, an antibiotic, an anti-inflammatory agent, a vasoconstrictor or a hormone.

Example 8

A latex rubber elastic band is soaked as described in any of the examples above except that the solution also contains a dye, pigment, stain or pH indicator to act as a chemical indicator of agent release in an amount from 0.1-5% of the solution. In a preferred example, the chemical indicator is gentian violet, and it also acts as an antimicrobial agent.

Example 9

Silicone or other synthetic rubber elastic bands are soaked as described in any of Examples 1 through 8.

Example 10

A thermoplastic polymer is compounded with one or more active agents as described in the examples, and the compounded material is used to injection mold the bands of the invention.

Example 11

A thermoplastic polymer is compounded with one or more active agents as described in the examples, and the compounded material is used to extrude tubing that is cut into sections that become the elastration bands of the invention.

Example 12

One or more of the active agents described in the examples are compounded into silicone resin prepolymers, and then cast into molds or extruded into tubing and cured at elevated temperatures to fabricate the elastration bands of the invention.

Method 2: Injected Solution

Elastration bands are often made from hollow rubber tubing. For these bands a different method may be used to infuse anesthetics and skin penetration enhancers. Any of the solutions, anesthetics, skin penetration enhancers and other agents described in Method 1 may also be used in Method 2. Rather than soaking the elastration band in a solution, the band may be treated by filling the tubing with the solution and allowing time for it to swell the tubing and infuse its rubber material with the agents. This can be accomplished in bulk with a long piece of tubing before it is cut into sections that are formed into circular bands, or the solution can be injected into the hollow center of the tubing after the elastration band has been formed by fixing the two ends of a tubing section together. This method may also be combined with Method 1 by filling tubing previously coated as described in any of Examples 1 through 12. The tubing may also be filled with aqueous emulsions of active agent(s) and skin penetration enhancers. Such emulsions may be used in combination with the devices from Method 1 to provide an additional reservoir of active agent for prolonged release.

Example 13

A length of hollow tubing is filled with any of the solutions from examples 1 through 8, and the tubing is allowed to dry in air or in an oven until all of the organic solvent has evaporated. Evaporation may be facilitated with heat and vacuum, as, for example, in a vacuum oven. Once the tubing has dried, a section of it is cut and the ends of this section are fastened together to make an elastic loop that may be used as an elastration band.

Example 14

The ends of a section of hollow tubing are fastened together to make a loop that may be used as an elastration band. Any of the solutions described in examples 1 through 8 are then injected by a syringe into the hollow center of the band. The band is then dried to remove the volatile organic solvent. Drying may be accomplished as described in Example 13. The band may be rotated during drying to provide a more even distribution of the anesthetic agent in the band during drying.

Example 15

An aqueous emulsion of active agent(s), skin penetration enhancers and, optionally, solvent, is used in place of any of the solutions from examples 1 through 8 to fill the hollow center of the tubing in Examples 8 and 9. The bands may or may not be dried, depending on whether a solvent that needs to be removed is used in the emulsion formula.

Method 3: Molding Formulations

Elastration bands containing an active agent composition may also be fabricated by compounding active agents into thermoplastic materials using heat and shear, followed by fabrication of the elastration bands by common methods of thermoforming.

Example 16

Active agents as described in any of Examples 1-8 are compounded into any one of a number of elastomeric polymers or thermoplastic elastomers using heat and shear by common methods such as, for example, twin-screw compounding. The resulting compounded material is then used to injection mold elastration bands, or the compounded material is extruded into tubing that is then cut into small sections and used as elastration bands.

Example 17

Active agents as described in any of Examples 1-8 are compounded into liquid silicone rubber (LSR) and used in reaction injection molding or extrusion to form elastration bands or tubing, respectively. The extruded tubing is cut into sections that are used as elastration bands.

Example 18

Active agents as described in any of examples 1-8 are compounded into a thermoset rubber or elastomer formulation, and molded or extruded to make elastration bands by reaction injection molding (RIM).

Example 19

Any of the compounded formulations of Examples 16-18 may also be coextruded over other materials to make ligation devices of the invention. In one preferred example, the compounded material is extruded over wire to produce twist ties that contain active agents and can be used for ligation. In another example, the compounded material is extruded over a polypropylene core to produce zip-ties that can be used for ligation.

Method 4: Casting Formulations

Elastration bands containing an active agent composition may also be fabricated from castable rubber or other castable elastomers. For this method the agents are mixed with the liquid prepolymer formulation before it is mixed with an activator that produces polymerization and crosslinking to cure the formulation into a solid. After adding the activator, the formulation is then cast into a mold to form a ring or band that can be used as an elastration device. Once the formulation has been cast into a mold it is cured, typically by heating in an oven, to produce the finished elastic band containing the anesthetic and skin permeation enhancer.

Example 20

A castable, two-part RTV silicone rubber is used, and the anesthetic agents, skin permeation enhancers and other ingredients are compounded into one or both parts of the formulation by mixing, before the two parts are mixed together to begin the curing process. After mixing the two parts, the formulation is then cast into a mold where the RTV silicone cures into an elastic silicone rubber containing the active agents. Curing of the rubber may be accelerated by heating in an oven. Any of the agents described in examples 1 to 8 may be used.

Example 21: Formulation Development

Formulations containing 25% lidocaine (w/w) were prepared with four different skin penetration enhancers (SPE), (terpineol (TP), DMSO, IPM, and N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) being used at 33% of total solvent in THF (i.e. 33:67 SPE:THF). Four-inch sections of a latex catheter were affixed in a “U” to a metal wire and coated by soaking the U-section in each formulation. They were then removed from solution and allowed to air dry for 48 hrs to evaporate all THF. Based on the observations of coating quality and the length of coating on the tube, it was determined that the formulation containing IPM produced the best coating, with terpineol a close second. DMSO produce about half the coating length of IPM and TP, while NMP was the worst coating solvent and produced very little surface coating.

Example 22: Soak Coating

Initially, bands were swollen in coating formulations overnight to ensure equilibrium swelling and maximum uptake of lidocaine. When swelling of the bands was studied as a function of time in the coating formulation, it was found that 3 hours of swelling at room temperature produced near-equilibrium swelling that was sufficient to incorporate lidocaine into the band.

Example 23

Secondary Coating and Drying with Heat: Because THF evaporates rapidly, coated bands could be dried in air for a few hours, then the remainder of THF could be removed more quickly by drying in an oven with low heat. The final drying method combined air drying with oven drying to remove all of the THF while retaining most of the IPM in the band. After experimenting with different lengths of air drying time from 1 to 3 hours combined with 15 to 60 minutes oven drying at 170° F., it was found that 2 hours of drying in air followed by 30 minutes of oven drying eliminated the THF from the coating while maintaining a high percentage of the IPM. This is the drying method presently being used for the small green elastration bands. Bands of higher mass will require longer drying times.

Example 24

Extractables From Rubber: It is known that strong solvents like THF that swell rubber will extract some low molecular weight unreacted components of the rubber. These extractables concentrate in a coating formulation as the number of elastration bands that is soaked in the formulation increases. When the extractable concentration becomes too high in the formulation, it must be discarded and replaced with a fresh coating solution. This adds cost to the coating for each device. The addition of a small amount of a non-solvent for rubber such as water or alcohol can reduce the amount of extractables in a THF coating formulation over time.

In an effort to reduce rubber extractables, water was added to the lidocaine:IPM:THF formulation in amounts from 1 to 5% (w/w) based on the total solvent in the composition. Lower percentages of water (1-3%) were found to be well tolerated by the formulation, but at higher percentages (4-5% water) lidocaine tended to precipitate from solution. To reduce lidocaine precipitation, a combination of 5% ethanol, which is a nonsolvent for rubber but a good solvent for lidocaine, and 1% water was used in place of an equal amount of THF in the current formulation, and this produced a formulation that did not precipitate lidocaine. The effect of these non-solvents on the % extractable from rubber has yet to be evaluated, but it is anticipated that the inclusion of ethanol and water will reduce extractables in the manufacture of coated elastration bands, allowing longer use of coating solutions.

Example 25: Preferred Method for Making Lidocaine-Loaded Small Green Elastration Bands

Fifty green elastration bands were soaked for three hours in coating solution composed of 25.9% lidocaine, 22.8% IPM, 48.2% THF, 2.6% ethanol, and 0.50% H2O, and then hung to air dry in a hood for 3 hours. The rings were then dried in an oven at 170° F. for 30 minutes. After cooling, the rings were sealed in foil pouches.

Example 26

Lidocaine loading: Sample bands made to study the effect of non-solvents on the coating formulation were evaluated for total concentration of lidocaine contained within the bands. Concentration of lidocaine contained within the bands was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC, United States Pharmacopoeia USP 29-NF24 Page 1253). Test bands were placed in an appropriate vial with 15 mL of THF and a magnetic stir bar. These bands were extracted for 4 hours, then 2.5 mL of the extraction sample was added to 50 mL of mobile phase (75% buffer and 25% acetonitrile). Lidocaine concentration was determined by comparing unknown sample data to a five-point standard calibration curve. Lidocaine loading results based upon the results of HPLC analysis are presented in Table 1, and showed that lidocaine loading decreases with the addition of nonsolvent to the formulation.

TABLE 1 HPLC results demonstrating lidocaine loading in the ring as a function of solvents utilized. Solvents Lidocaine % Lidocaine % THF % IPM % Ethanol % H2O (mg/ring) 25 66.6 33.4 79.1 25 66.6 33.4 6.7 69.2 25 66.6 33.4 6.6 1.4 55.8 As determined by HPLC, good loading of lidocaine into ligation bands is possible utilizing various methods as described herein.

Example 27: Use of Ligation Band to Provide Lidocaine that Alleviates Pain During Castration

Small (4.3 cm) green elastrator bands with a lidocaine made in Example 25 were tested in calves less than 200 pounds. This study investigated the efficacy of the prototype lidocaine elastration bands by assaying the lidocaine levels remaining in used devices and in skin biopsies at the site versus time of use on the animal. Indicators of pain in the animal were used to assess the duration a therapeutic lidocaine level was maintained. Welfare observation techniques were also tested that included physiology (temperature of affected site, weight) and behavior (continuous electronic (motion and pedometers to measure tail flicks)). 24 animals were assigned to the test group (A: animals treated with a lidocaine containing elastration band) and 24 animals were assigned to the negative control group (B: lidocaine 20 mg/mL injection at the site, with an untreated elastration band). Rings were removed and tissue samples taken at various time points post ligation application (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 24, 48, and 168 hours).

Average Daily Gain:

Average Daily Gain (ADG) was calculated for Day 7 calves. The difference from the pre-castration weight collected on day 0 was divided by 7, the number of days since day 0 (Table 2). The average on day 0 for the entire group (treatment and control) was 53.4 kg and on day 7 the average was 59.1 kg. Band type A group (Lidocaine band) had an ADG of 0.886±0.647 kg/day and Band type B (plain band) had an ADG 0.729±0.272 kg/day.

TABLE 2 average daily gain post castration by treatment group (Control B vs Test A). Weight Day 0 Weight Day 7 ADG Test Animal (Kg) (Kg) (kg/day) Group 41 54.8 60.9 0.871 B 43 53.5 59.8 0.900 B 45 49.7 52.6 0.414 B 40 51.8 62.8 1.571 A 42 49.3 51.3 0.286 A 44 61.5 67.1 0.800 A Summary ADG (kg/day) ±SD Control (B) 0.729 0.27 Test (A) 0.886 0.65

The slight increase in ADG in the test group indicates that the lidocaine eluting band did not have any negative impacts on animal behavior and may indicate pain mitigation associated with the lidocaine release by improved ADG (Marti et al, 2017).

Increased Tail-Flicking:

Increased Tail-flicking is an indicator of discomfort (Moya et al, 2014), so pedometers attached to animal tails were used on all animals to determine tail movements. Pedometer values were collected and recorded at three time points, 0.5 hours, 6 and 48 hours after treatment (See Table 3). The Tail Flick data was organized into the treatment groups (A: Lidocaine Elastration Band and B: Injection lidocaine with plain band) at the different time points. There were three animals assigned to each treatment group and time point. The average difference between the treatment groups was 15,885 for the 0.5 hr time point, 15,718 for the 6 hour time point and 56,940 for the 48 hour time point. This data suggests pain mitigation associated with the lidocaine release by reduced tail flicks, which was especially significant at the 48 hrs time point, where the injected lidocaine of the Control would no longer be providing anesthesia (Moya et al, 2014).

TABLE 3 Pedometer values over time (post elastration placement) from tail attachment as an indicator of discomfort through tail movement. (A: Lidocaine Elastration Band prototype, B: injection lidocaine with plain band) Sample Number of tail Difference (Cotnrol - Group* Group swings Test) 0.5 hours Control (B) 26,437 15,885 Test (A) 10,552   6 hours Control (B) 18,513 15,718 Test (A) 2,795  48 hours Control (B) 89,559 56,940 Test (A) 32,619 *Time in hours the pedometer was stopped, and data recorded.

Tissue Temperature at Site:

Temperature measurements over time were also made in the animal study of Example 27 to provide evidence of reduced inflammation and blood flow. Inflammation and blood flow are indicators of pain and healing at a wound site (Meléndez et al, 2017). Images of the scrotal area, specifically the neck, were captured below and above the placement of the elastration bands applied in Example 27 using a thermal imaging camera (FLIR E75-42). The temperatures registered and recorded by the thermal camera of the target scrotal areas, above and below the elastration band, were recorded over the course of the study. The temperature in Celsius is plotted for the test and control animals over time. For the first 48 hours there was no difference in the two groups. The average temperature above the band for the Control subjects was 36.39° C. and for the Test group was 36.36° C. Below the elastration band the average was 31.27° C. for the Control and 31.85° C. for the Test. At the longer time point of 144 hours (day 7), the average temperatures were higher for the control group, with the below the band temperature at 32.47° C. for the Control, compared to 30.03° C. for the Test Group. The decreased temperature below the ligature band over time indicates proper ligature function and supports the claim of the invention functioning in this capacity. The reduced temperature of the lidocaine containing ligature band compared to the control band indicates reduced inflammation, which should correlate with reduced pain in the animal.

The graph below shows temperature above and below the elastration band as measured at various intervals (hours) after application to the scrotum. Control (injected lidocaine with unmedicated band) and Test (lidocaine elastration band) subjects' data are plotted as squares and diamonds for the control treatment and ‘x’ and ‘+’ for the test treatment. Trend lines for each data set are also depicted. This data demonstrates two important elements: A) the reduction in blood flow (as measured by temperature decrease) is greater in the test group over time compared to the control indicating improved performance, and B) the reduced temperature over time indicates that the bands function properly to reduce blood flow and cause castration by constriction.

Analysis of Lidocaine in Tissue:

Tissue lidocaine levels obtained from tissue biopsy samples taken directly underneath the elastration bands over time (post elastration placement) as determined by HPLC analysis demonstrates that the test bands (group A) deliver effective concentrations of lidocaine (Yoshida et al, 2016) to the tissue over the 48 hour sampling period versus the control, which only delivered effective lidocaine levels at the 6 hour time point. The levels of lidocaine associated with the tissue in the test group is significantly higher than in the control group at 24 and 48 hours, and is detected at levels capable of producing a therapeutic effect.

TABLE 4 Tissue lidocaine levels obtained from tissue biopsy samples taken directly underneath the elastration bands over time (post elastration placement, as determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis), as an indicator of lidocaine delivery to tissue. (A: Lidocaine Elastration Band prototype, B: Control, injection lidocaine with plain band). SD = standard deviation, sampling n = 3 per treatment group. ND = not detected (below the 0.0005 mg/g HPLC detection limit), NA = Not Applicable MEAN (mg/g) ±SD  6 hr sampling CONTROL (B) 0.5610 0.19 TEST (A) 0.2500 0.32 24 hour sampling CONTROL (B) ND NA TEST (A) 0.0919 0.04 48 hour sampling CONTROL (B) 0.0069 NA* TEST (A) 1.0286 1.16 *only 1 sample of three had detection of lidocaine above the 0.0005 mg detection limit

Tissue Collection and Processing Methodology:

Rings were removed and tissue samples (4 mm biopsy punches) taken at various time points post ligation application (6, 24, and 48 hours) in the animal study of Example 27. Biopsy samples were dissolved in 2 mL 1 M NaOH at 37° C. for 3 hours. The sample was then neutralized by the addition of HCl. A liquid-liquid extraction procedure is conducted as follows: 0.01 mL of a 120 mg/mL solution in 95% ethanol of an internal standard (tetracaine) is added to the homogenized tissue sample, and the sample is vortexed for 15 seconds. 5 mL of ethyl ether is then added, and the sample is vortexed again for 15 seconds. The ether layer is allowed to separate for 2 minutes, then it is removed and evaporated to dryness. The residue is then dissolved in 1 mL of HPLC grade methyl alcohol, and HPLC analysis is conducted. Effective tissue concentrations in the tissue are typically between 0.150 and 0.500 mg/g tissue. Reference: Tanaka, E, Yoshida K, Kawaai H., Yamazaki S. 2016. “Lidocaine concentration in oral tissue by the addition of epinephrine”. Anesth Prg 63:17-24.

VII. Definitions

The following definitions are used in reference to the invention: (A) As used herein, pre-determined length is a length suitable for the size of the body part being ligated, and is within the know-how of those skilled in the art. Typically, the elastomeric band must be of such structure and elastic nature that when stretched about the neck of the scrotal pouch of an animal and there fastened, it has sufficient elastic constriction force to cause ligation. It must also allow sufficient expansion for passage of the scrotal pouch and contained testicular structure of a large mature animal such as a bovine bull through the orifice defined by the stretched band without breakage. For fastened tubular elastrators, the band must also provide sufficient material to allow fastening in a tensed condition by a deformable metallic fastening clip or similar fastening structure. Normally such a band formed of natural rubber will require a cross-sectional area of approximately 0.1 to 0.4 square inch when the cross-sectional configuration is of a rectangular form. Such a band normally will have a relaxed diameter of from approximately one half to three inches. These parameters may vary generally with the nature of the elastomeric material and particularly for specific purposes while such bands remain operative for castration, and such variant bands are within the ambition and scope of the invention.

VIII. References

-   Crank, John. “Diffusion in a cylinder.” Chap. 5 in The Mathematics     of Diffusion. London: Oxford university Press, 1975.     http://www-eng.lbl.gov/˜shuman/NEXT/MATERIALS%26COMPONENTS/Xe_damage/Crank-The-Mathematics-of-Diffusion.pdf     (Accessed Mar. 16, 2018). -   United States Pharmacopoeia USP 29-NF24 Page 1253 -   Marti S, Meléndez D M, Pajor E A, Moya D, Heuston C E M, Gellatly D,     Janzen E D, Schwartzkopf-Genswein K S. Effect of band and knife     castration of beef calves on welfare indicators of pain at three     relevant industry ages: II. Chronic pain. J Anim Sci. 2017 October;     95(10):4367-4380. -   Moya D, Gonzalez L A, Janzen E, Caulkett N A, Fireheller E,     Schwartzkopf-Genswein K S. Effects of castration method and     frequency of intramuscular injections of ketoprofen on behavioral     and physiological indicators of pain in beef cattle. J Anim Sci.     2014 April; 92(4):1686-97. -   Meléndez D M, Marti S, Pajor E A, Moya D, Heuston C E M, Gellatly D,     Janzen E D, Schwartzkopf-Genswein K S. Effect of band and knife     castration of beef calves on welfare indicators of pain at three     relevant industry ages: I. Acute pain. J Anim Sci. 2017 October;     95(10):4352-4366. -   Tanaka, E, Yoshida K, Kawaai H., Yamazaki S. 2016. “Lidocaine     concentration in oral tissue by the addition of epinephrine”. Anesth     Prg 63:17-24. 

We claim:
 1. A ligation apparatus comprising at least one active agent for the topical control of pain.
 2. The ligation apparatus of claim 1 comprising an elastomeric material, and wherein the at least one active agent comprises one or more analgesics; one or more anesthetics; one or more antimicrobial agents; one or more antibiotics; one or more skin permeation or penetration enhancers; one or more anti-inflammatories; one or more hormones; one or more chemical indicators; one or more vasoconstrictor agents; and combinations thereof.
 3. The ligation apparatus of claim 1 or 2 wherein the ligation apparatus is configured for use with an applicator tool.
 4. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein the elastomeric material is sized and shaped for use as a ligature band.
 5. The apparatus of claim 1 or 2 wherein the active agent is lidocaine.
 6. The apparatus of claim 5 further comprising a skin permeation enhancer.
 7. The apparatus of claim 1 or 2 wherein the active agent is coated or infused into the ligation apparatus.
 8. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein the elastomeric material is tube-shaped and the active agent is contained in the lumen of the tube.
 9. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein the active agent is coated or infused into the elastomeric material.
 10. The ligation apparatus of claim 1 wherein the active agent is selected from the group consisting of one or more analgesics; one or more anesthetics; one or more antimicrobial agents; one or more antibiotics; one or more skin permeation or penetration enhancers; one or more anti-inflammatories; one or more hormones; one or more chemical indicators; one or more vasoconstrictors; and combinations thereof.
 11. A method of making a ligation apparatus comprising at least one active agent for the topical control of pain, the method comprising soaking a substrate in a solvent solution that contains at least active agent.
 12. The method of claim 11 wherein the active agent is selected from the group consisting of one or more analgesics; one or more anesthetics; one or more antimicrobial agents; one or more antibiotics; one or more skin permeation or penetration enhancers; one or more anti-inflammatories; one or more hormones; one or more chemical indicators; one or more vasoconstrictors; and combinations thereof.
 13. The Method of claim 11, wherein the at least one active agent consists essentially of at least one anesthetic agent, at least one analgesic agent, and at least one skin penetration enhancing agent.
 14. The method of claim 11 wherein the substrate is selected from the group consisting of a band; a tube; a hollow band or tube; a polymer; a zip-tie; a rope; a rope made from natural material; and a rope made from synthetic material.
 15. A method of controlling pain in an animal comprising applying to an animal or an animal part the ligation apparatus of claim
 1. 16. The method of claim 15 wherein the ligation apparatus is the apparatus of claim
 2. 17. The method of claim 15 wherein the ligation apparatus is the apparatus of claim
 5. 18. The method of claim 15 wherein the ligation apparatus is the apparatus of claim
 6. 19. The method of claim 15 wherein the ligation apparatus is the apparatus of claim
 7. 20. The method of claim 15 wherein the ligation apparatus is the apparatus of claim
 9. 